The Plan B Pill - 1608 Words

As attested by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, women have the right to control the number and timing of their pregnancies. In order to exercise this right, women throughout the world need access to the different types of contraceptives, as well as to safe abortion services. While most contraceptives are used as preventative measures prior to or during intercourse, some methods can be used within a short time after unprotected intercourse or failed use of birth control, which are usually referred to as emergency contraceptive. Within the last 30 years, a number of approaches, which seem safe and efficacious, have been developed as this method, including the popular plan B pill. In 1999 the FDA approved the Plan B pill, which was the first progestin-only dedicated emergency contraceptive product. The plan B pill was developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, in which the Womens Capital Corporation (WCC), a privately controlled company, organi zed in 1997, collaborated to introduce Plan B to the U.S. and Canadian industries, and to develop other needed reproductive health products for women. WCCs efforts to promote and sell Plan B exemplified a contemporary public/private sector partnership in areas such as health products for women. Initially, Plan B was only available by prescription through Planned Parenthood clinics and other health care providers listed on the 24-hour Emergency Contraception Hotline, as well as the EmergencyShow MoreRelatedThe Plan B Pill2024 Words   |  9 PagesThe Morning After Pill Introduction/Thesis: Speculation of when life actually begins in the womb and whether or not the Morning After pill encourages sex amongst teenagers has been carried out for years and with that speculation, many perspectives have been formed for different sides of the pill. Data and opinions have been weighed in regards to the Morning After Pill, but though an examination of different perspectives on this controversial subject, research supports that the MorningRead MoreEssay about Women ´s Right: The Pill and Plan B663 Words   |  3 Pagesbeliefs. â€Å"The pill† and plan b which are oral contraception pills or also known as birth control, contributed immensely on the dramatic change of the social and sexual landscape in the United Stated and other counties in the world. It forever changed the fate women where always protrude to carry out thought their lives and certainly empowered woman but as well in a lot of cases seemed to have lowered the high classy standards women followed. The first birth control pill aka The Pill† went out intoRead MoreShould Emergency Contraceptives Be Available Over?1411 Words   |  6 Pagesto girls under the age of 18? Plan B or the ‘morning after pill’ as it is sometimes known is an emergency contraceptive that is can prevent a pregnancy if it is taken within 3 days of unprotected sex or if your birth control failed you such as if a condom breaks mid intercourse. The Plan B contain a higher concentrated level of levonorgestrel which is the same hormone found in birth control pills. According to the Plan B website, when taken as directed, the Plan B helps to prevent almost 7 out ofRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Children s Reproductive System972 Words   |  4 Pagescountries in the world. Approximately 750,000 teens will become pregnant this year and with the lack of resources to terminate those unwanted pregnancies more than ninety two percent of those teens will become parents before graduating high school. Plan B one step emergency contraception is now available over the counter as of August 2013 an although there has been a great debate on whether or not the open availabili ty to teens as young as fifteen will do more harm than good it does seem that the positivesRead MoreDifferent Types of Birth Control1695 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol. Now as a man the only birth control I know is the â€Å"Pill†. As I was doing research I have come to find out that I am so lost about the different types of birth control, the pros and cons, as well as the cost of each. After reading this report as a woman you should be a little bit wiser and as a guy this will blow your mind and greatly increase your knowledge on the subject. The most common birth control out there is the Combination Pill also known as Estrostep Fe, LoEstrin 1/20. Yasim, Yaz etc†¦Read MoreThe Effects Of Drug Advertisements On Women s Health1331 Words   |  6 Pageswomen through some sort of preconceived judgment. In Plan B One-Step drug advertisement, these stereotypes about women are made particularly clear by assuming that women who require this pill were being unsafe and irresponsible during sexual intercourse (Halas, 2008, p. 4). This is bias as the ad does not consider that the reason a woman may need to take this drug is because all of the necessary precautions she took, failed to work effectively. Plan B One-Step drug advertisement defines and constructsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?911 Words   |  4 Pageseasily obtainable by not putting an age restriction. Also, birth control pills are now easily proscribed to woman. There is also the Plan B pill, if a condom were to break the pill can prevent a pregnancy within seve nty two hours of unprotected sex. But the Plan B pill is not an option that can be abused. After abusing the usage of the pill the body can become immune and now work properly which could cause a pregnancy. Plan B pills can be obtained over the counter in any drug store, but has an age restrictionRead MoreEssay on Fighting Pharmacists, Fulfilling the Prescription1722 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years there has been an influx of women receiving prescriptions for the postcoital pill (PCP) also known as the morning-after pill, Plan B, and a form of emergency contraception. Some pharmacists, however, are exercising their right not to fulfill patient’s prescription, based primarily on their personal values and morals. Amidst the negative overtones, women continue to take the morning-after pill in an effort to maintain their rights. â€Å"Timely access to emergency contraception is criticalRead MoreThe Birth of an Unborn Child Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesbe done with pills. The two pills are known as the Plan B pill and the Abortion Pill. The Plan B pill is not as bad as the abortion pill because it doesn’t really do the same thing. The plan B pill is taken after sex and it isn’t killing anything, but just stopping it before anything happens. The plan B is taken just in case, so the woman does not get pregnant. It is also known as the morning after pill because it has to be taken 1 to 2 days after the woman has sex. The Abortion pill can be takenRead MoreEssay about Should Teens Have Parental Consent to Receive Birth Control?928 Words   |  4 Pagesthey are not sure their parents should be involved in their decision on having sex. Plan B is the most popular birth control on the market and is being offered at universities for students for $25. Mangu-Ward explains that at â€Å"Pennsylvania’s Shippensburg University offers an unusual product the Plan B pill through vending machines located through tout campus.† Clearly parent consent is not required for the pills whereas a student ID and $25 is all that’s needed for the in-a-second birth control.

Essay on Eating Disorders - 1038 Words

Why dissallow the trendy images of women from being plastered ubiquitously? one may ask. Banning this perception of women, unhealthily thin, will save the women of this great nation from eating disorders. Our women will be more confident in their own skin and not feel as pressured to live up to this image. We, as people of this land, see this problem but choose not to do anything. The medical care for people with eating disorders is inadequit, and too expensive, as it is. With girls and women trying so hard today, to look like what the media portrays, it is no wonder that our countrys health is in a downward spiral. Trying to live up to these unreal expectations can result in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. There†¦show more content†¦Henceforth, if a teenage girl wants any regular teenage boy, she has to up the ante for herself and try to look as good as women in the media. This could, for some portion of the population, result in eating disorders to loo k as thin as the in girl. The effects of an eating disorder can be more serious than simply losing an unhealthy amount of weight. Women and teenagers today hear of eating disorders as a quick way to shed as many pounds as necessisary to achieve a certain, thinner, look. They see the models and televion actresses who are thin and seem to have no long-lasting effects. However, they do not aknowledge of the side effects of any eating disorder. For people with anorexia, it really is true that one can never be too thin. Despite being dangerously underweight, anorexics see a fat person when they look in the mirror. (Jaffe-Gill, Smith, Segal, and Segal). Anorexia is an eating disorder in which the victim goes for long periods without food or proper nutrition. This can result in many medical problems such as low blood pressure, anemia, loss of periods, and ultimately heart failure. More ironically, however, are the physical effects. Women and teens commit themselves to eating disorders unkn owing of the physical effects. Some of the physical side effects are thin and brittle hair, they grow hair all over, and their skin turns yellow; attractive right? Bulimia Nervosa is when one willShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words   |  5 Pagesas an eating disorder. Weir (2016) goes on to explain the origins behind eating disorders in individuals. This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia ner vosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are eatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected

Australia Should Raise The Rate Of GST †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australia Should Raise The Rate Of GST? Answer: Introduction Australia is one of the prominent taxing countries around the world. The Australian Taxation system comprises of around 125 taxes and is considered as one of the most convolutedglobally. It has adopted a dynamic taxation system which is a combination of direct and indirect taxes imposed by the Federal and State governments. The Australian Constitution entitles The Commonwealth to enforce duty and to formulate laws related to the same. It has the exclusive power to impose most important taxes like custom and excise tax, income tax and sales tax. However, in Australia, income tax is the most important base of revenue for Federal government. It is a direct tax which is imposed on individuals. As Australias taxation system is continuously growing, progressive tax rates and subsidiary rates are the basis on which income tax is paid by the individuals i.e. higher the income, higher the rate of the tax. It is also levied on individuals having a part in any trust or partnership. On the other hand, the federal government announced goods and service tax (GST) on July 2000. It brought considerable changes by plummeting individual income taxes and benefitting pensioners and low income group with huge rise in government payments. The said tax is analogous to value added tax. It is levied not only on the trade (sale) of the majority of commodities and services in Australia but also on most of the products imported in the country[1]. The Current rate of GST applied in Australia is 10 %. However, certain supplies and services like food, education, health and monetary services are exempted from the said tax. It is mandatory for companies with yearly revenue of a certain sum to enlist for GST. Income generated from the main taxes by the Commonwealth significantly surpasses its disbursements. Hence, it largely supports the states monetarily. Since income tax levied on individuals and company is the major source of revenue for Australia, it depends majorly on them than on consumption taxes. Although consumption taxes like GST are more cost effective as compared to any other tax. It has been proven that income taxes can alter countrys proficient viable activity which will in turn hamper its capacity to strive globally[2]. Australias budget deficit is forecasted to be worse in future. It is estimated that by the year 2030, The Federal government and States together will face yearly budget deficit of around $45 billion of which $35 billion will be because of expenditure on health[3]. Globally, many countries like New Zealand are reforming their tax structure by increasing consumption taxes to subsidize individual and organization taxes . In Australia, New South Wales Premier Mike Baird also suggested a rise in GST from 10 to 15% along with current exception on food, health, education and childcare and reimbursement to househ olds with collective income less than $100,000. The revenue generated from the same will fulfill Australias prospective health requirements. Currently, states are distressed and require funds badly as they are dominated by the federal government financially. So there is a serious need of tax reform in the country. There has been a continuous debate over the issue of altering the tax structure i.e. to increase the rate of GST so as to lower personal income tax rates. Arguments In Support Of The Issue Goods and services tax (GST) is considered as one of the most efficient and minimal detrimental tax of all taxes. It will be favorable to increase the rate of GST as it is imposed on supplies and services and it is impossible for individuals to stop using them because of the tax. GST is an indirect tax which is imposed circuitously through manufacturer and merchandiser. Hence, mostly the customers are not aware of the said tax. Also a rise in the rate of GST will be easier and cost effective than imposing on product and services which are exempted from it like health, education, food and financial services. Hence, if efficiency is the criteria, it will be constructive for the economy of Australia to increase the rate of GST and lowering the personal income taxes. Positive impact on individual personal assets is another outcome anticipated of the said exchange of the taxes. Also, GST is more productive as it is the only flat rate of tax. Not only will the rise in GST will reduce income tax but according to CPA Australia extra revenue generated from GST can also offer reimbursement to less earnings households and can be used to remove lot of unproductive state taxes like stamp duties. A net profit of 50 cents per dollar of tax income is expected if the stamp duties are substituted by higher GST[4]. Also from government point of view, the said change would be beneficial as it would result in more revenue for the government as the customers are bound to pay such tax unlike income tax which is taxed on individual, business and investment income. Hence, by lowering the income tax, consumers will save his income and the government can raise its revenue by increasing the tax to be applied on the commodities and services. The said change will also hav e a positive impact on the standard of living. Although the impact will be lesser but will be considerable. It will also decrease the duty load on asset earnings as the capital income will be taxed at a lower rate. With the above changes in the tax structure the states can reduce their dependability on The Commonwealth by growing their own self-source income. Lastly, with the said change there will be a rise in motility of funds globally[5]. However, one more argument has arisen that GST should be imposed on all items without any exclusion. According to CPA Australia, it has been estimated that by the year 2029/30, Australian wealth will be $27.5 billion larger if 15% GST is imposed without any exemption[6]. Arguments Against The Issue Currently, there are a lot of arguments against the issue. Firstly, it is argued that although GST is cost effective and easier to manage but increase in GST rates will have a negative impact if we take into consideration fairness criteria. All the customers are required to pay GST irrespective of their purchasing power and equal sum has to be paid for a specified commodity or service. Hence, GST is regarded as a regressive tax[7]. It is also predicted that since GST is applied on fresh houses, it could increase the complexity in home affordability. Decrease in employment is another major issue against the said change. Clearly, increase in GST largely affects fewer income group more than high income group. Hence, they will not be motivated to work which will result in decreased employment especially amongst females who are already facing significant restraints related to work. Although compensation will be granted but presently government does not have required monetary ability to do so. Also with an increase in GST and no subsequent reduction in income tax would make low income group more vulnerable as they will be spending more and earning less. Moreover, if compensation is granted for such an increase, it will not meet the purpose for which the said change was proposed which was to meet the future health and public safety needs. With regards to equality, raise in GST will be discriminatory for low income group as huge percentage of their proceeds are spent on basic needs. Moreover, income tax is levied on both income and investments which normally high income group possess. Hence, cutting income tax would be more approving for them than for the lower income class. Thus, increasing inequalities and will prove to be iniquitous for people in the economy which in turn will result in low labor output and productivity and will adversely affect countrys economic growth. Conclusion At the end, we conclude that there are many arguments in favor and against the issue. Clearly, Australia requires alteration in the tax structure to improve its economic growth and to meet its prospective needs. However, increasing the GST and reducing personal income tax will prove beneficial in terms of efficiency. This said change will also help the government in increasing its revenue. But at the same time it will create inequality and unfairness amongst diverse income group in society if there is rise in GST and no reduction in personal income tax. References Hall and Wilcox, A Guide to Taxation in Australia, 25 June 2015, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=5ebb4d78-d304-4d32-9cdb-9b26ba544b7e/ Mallesons King and Wood, Rethinking Australias Taxation System, 31 July 2015, https://www.kwm.com/en/au/knowledge/insights/rethinking-australias-taxation-system-20150330 Chang Charis and AAP, Who are the winners and losers if GST is increased, 22 July 2015, https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/who-are-the-winners-and-losers-if-gst-is-increased/news-story/051f1f26fc4dad0a7a5b5c241a79f7c4 Freebairn John, How increasing the GST could boost our standard of living, 31 March 2015, https://theconversation.com/how-increasing-the-gst-could-boost-our-standard-of-living-39495 Irvine Jessica, Australian GST reform debate heats up, 01 December 2016, https://www.acuitymag.com/finance/australian-gst-tax-reform-debate-heats-up Janda Michael, GST increase to 15 per cent would leave nation$27.5 billion better off: CPA, 18 February 2015, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-18/gst-increase-would-leave-nation-better-off-cpa/6130664 Piccolo Raffaele, The GST: Is an efficient tax a fair tax? , 22 April 2014, https://independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/the-gst-is-an-efficient-tax-a-fair-tax,6407 [1] Hall and Wilcox, A Guide to Taxation in Australia, 25 June 2015, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=5ebb4d78-d304-4d32-9cdb-9b26ba544b7e/ [2] Mallesons King and Wood, Rethinking Australias Taxation System, 31 July 2015, https://www.kwm.com/en/au/knowledge/insights/rethinking-australias-taxation-system-20150330 [3] Charis Chang and AAP, Who are the winners and losers if GST is increased, 22 July 2015, https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/who-are-the-winners-and-losers-if-gst-is-increased/news-story/051f1f26fc4dad0a7a5b5c241a79f7c4 [4] John Freebairn, How increasing the GST could boost our standard of living, 31 March 2015, https://theconversation.com/how-increasing-the-gst-could-boost-our-standard-of-living-39495 [5] Jessica Irvine, Australian GST reform debate heats up, 01 December 2016, https://www.acuitymag.com/finance/australian-gst-tax-reform-debate-heats-up [6] Michael Janda, GST increase to 15 per cent would leave nation$27.5 billion better off: CPA, 18 February 2015, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-18/gst-increase-would-leave-nation-better-off-cpa/6130664 [7] Raffaele Piccolo, The GST: Is an efficient tax a fair tax? , 22 April 2014, https://independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/the-gst-is-an-efficient-tax-a-fair-tax,6407

The role of the graphic designer in todays society

In today’s society, graphic designers carry out a myriad of artistic and professional services, which center on visual communication and presentation. Graphic designers normally employ different techniques to develop symbols, images, and/or words that create a visual representation of ideas and messages in areas such as market research, corporate identity/branding, poster design, advertisements, book layouts, motion video graphics, clothing/fabric design, product design, and many other areas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the graphic designer in today’s society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In solving visual communication problems, they often make use of topography, visual arts, and page layouts procedures to generate products that transcend frontiers and cultural divides. Among all the arts around us, graphic design is the most universal, powerful, and influential (Newark, 6). Sinc e we engage with it in the streets, in almost everything, and even on our bodies, it is not just a modern or a capitalistic phenomenon. This paper examines its role in today’s society. Graphic design is a very new design expression technique, which was a spontaneous response to the vast communication requirements of the industrial revolution. As a product of the last hundred years, graphic design was developed in order to market the fruits of mass production to the increasing numbers of consumers. In the late nineteenth century, the growing reproduction technologies in Europe and North America presented the graphic designers with the opportunity of taking part in the transformation process. From then, having been revolutionized by the advent of computers, the field has been instrumental in serving various purposes to the society. To begin with, graphic designers have a role to brand the world. Since in most parts of the world branding has replaced corporate identity, many org anizations have been compelled to place a higher value on a well-designed, well-managed graphic identity (Holland, 1). Therefore, designers play a requisite role in the different marketplaces of the world. Branding is a very essential element for any business since it focuses on meeting the needs and the desires of the consumers. The point of view of the consumers dictates the language, the voice, and eventually the design of the product. Therefore, in order to meet the ever-changing shift in consumer tastes and requirements, graphic designers endeavor to develop brands that are unique from others, current with the times, and are consistent in delivery. The greatest thing about graphic design is that it is far-reaching. That is why most companies are using it to build a strong identity in order to stay competitive in the market. Companies usually use graphic design to boost awareness of their company and to push their products to their fullest potential in reaching the customers.Adv ertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies that have succeeded have done so because they have used quality graphic design as one of their supporting themes. On the other hand, companies that have not taken an advantage of this have never succeeded in creating an additional traffic. A graphical logo is able to influence a consumer to either purchase or not purchase a product. Therefore, most organizations usually employ the services of a graphic designer to develop simple yet catchy graphical images with the aim of attracting any prospective consumers. The influence of graphic design is evident in the area of commercial advertising. It is employed extensively in conveying the ideas and purposes of the products as well as giving a sense of interest and wonder. As the designers communicate meaning by means of visual language, appealing products are generated to reach the target aud ience. This is not possible to be achieved in real life. For example, if someone is shooting a film and he intends to make something fly, he will use graphic design to achieve this purpose. He will computerize the image and graphically generate the image of an object flying. Graphic design makes them to look realistic. If it were not present, most things would be tasteless and uninteresting. From the very clothes we wear, to the technique of manufacturing various things, graphic design acts on our emotions and assists in shaping our feelings concerning the world around us. In this modern and fast world, an anti-reading trend is present that is difficult to control. Therefore, graphic designers promote literacy by means of their designs, which manipulate the elements and principals of various subjects to convey an idea in its visual form. Messages are usually being carried either through text or image and are received either through seeing or reading. The process of seeing is discern ing, moving and sometimes realized against the will of a person. On the other hand, the process of reading is a bit more complicated. This is because the text’s written language signs must be decoded by knowing the proper sequence of the various sings. Without proper analysis of the language of the message, a person cannot successfully decode the information. This difference between reading and seeing has made graphic design to be an important field in our everyday’s life. Graphic images generate a coherent and interesting piece of work, which surpasses language barriers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the graphic designer in today’s society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Graphic designers also have a social role in today’s society. This unique responsibility is derived from their anticipation to take part in the creation of a new world since inequality and various evil s are on the increase. It is possible for art to form a component of every life on the planet. From the time of its creation, graphic design is continuously structuring itself in a self-directed and diversified way. This has been taking place in direct relation with the specific social fabrics of various societies in the globe. Therefore, it is important to note that this diversity is what will lead to the likelihood of the growth of graphic communication across the globe in the coming years. In a graphic communication process, there is a link between two propositions: the transmitting subjects and the recipients. They both have their various needs and expectations. These give the social dimension of graphic design in today’s society. Graphic design employs words and images for communicating by means of visual language. If it were not present in our world currently, so many things would be in a mess. Its absence would make things like newspapers, internet, and literature item s, to disappear from the face of the planet since all things would have to be painstakingly written by hand. In the absence of graphic design, we would be forced to receive every information through the spoken word and this would make us to enter another period of Dark Ages. In such an instance, ignorance, prejudice, and superstition would be widespread. However, as long as graphic design is here to stay, its benefits will continue to be felt in today’s society. Works Cited Holland, Deborah K. Design issues: how graphic design informs society. New York: Allworth Press, 2001. Print. Newark, Quentin. What is graphic design? Hove, England: RotoVision, 2002. Print. This essay on The role of the graphic designer in today’s society was written and submitted by user Alexander Jackson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

200 FOUNDATIONS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS Ess

GEN/200 FOUNDATIONS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS Ess LEARNING TEAM CHARTER TEAM X Course TitleGEN/200 FOUNDATIONS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS Team Ground Rules and Guidelines What are the general expectations for all members of the team? Be helpful.(Nasa) Complete all assignments, and have them turned in on time.( Joe) Return your assignment on time NO DELAYS ( Tracy) My expectations for time management and involvement would be to have the group discuss somewhat of what their schedule is and when would be a good time to meet as a group. We would also need to establish a good way for all of us to communicate whether it be via email, chat, or even group Skype. We will need to make sure that we all have the time to meet and discuss our assignments (Reeuna) Expectations for Time Management and Involvement (Participation, communication with the team, accessibility, etc.) Get it done because are all effected if you dont (Nasa) All team members participate and communicate with each other, let others in group know there schedule and times they will be available (Joe) Communication is the key (Tracy) Everyone will have their part of the assignment to complete in a timely manner. The work will be evenly spread among the group so that no one will feel as if they are doing more than the other. The communication strategy will be a phone call or email to each member to see how they are progressing in their part of the assignment and to remind them that we have a deadline to meet as a team. If there is any conflict within the team we just make sure to make our team members realize that we are all responsible for the group assignment and we all are going to receive the same grade. We also encourage our members to put aside any issues that they might have and focus on just the assignment (Reeuna) Ensuring Fair and Even Contribution and Collaboration What strategy will you use to ensure that all team members are contributing and collaborating appropriately? Describe the communication strategy you will use if a team member is not contributing and collaborating effectively. How will the team manage conflicts between team members? I will call you, I will e-mail you I will bug you if that is what it takes to gets things done I am good at it.(Nasa) Learn new ways as we move along. If this is the first time in a learning team, use this to make the future experiences better (Joe) I will try to contact all the team member the best was possible but if they fail to complete their assignment then thats there grade and not mine. (Tracy) To make sure that everyone knows one another schedule and have their correct contact information so that are assignments are on time and submitted correctly also an assignment that everyone agrees on (Reeuna) Special Considerations What do you, as a team, agree will make this team experience different from past team experiences? I will be open mind to all new ideas that can benefit everyone.

Reading Comprehension for Beginners - My Office

Reading Comprehension for Beginners - My Office Read the paragraph which describes my office. Pay special attention to the use of prepositions in the reading selection. Youll find useful vocabulary and quizzes below to test your understanding.   My Office Like most offices, my office is a place where I can concentrate on my work and feel comfortable at the same time. Of course, I have all the necessary equipment on my desk. I have the telephone next to the fax machine on the right side of my desk. My computer is in the center of my desk with the monitor directly in front of me. I have a comfortable office chair to sit on and some pictures of my family between the computer and the telephone. In order to help me read, I also have a lamp near my computer which I use in the evening if I work late. There is plenty of paper in one of the cabinet drawers. There are also staples and a stapler, paper clips, highlighters, pens and erasers in the other drawer. I like to use highlighters to remember important information. In the room, there is a comfortable armchair and a sofa to sit on. I also have a low table in front of the sofa on which there are some industry magazines. Useful Vocabulary armchair - a comfortable, padded chair that has arms on which to rest your armscabinet - a piece of furniture that holds objectsdesk - a piece of furniture on which you write or use your computer, fax, etc.drawer - a space which opens for you to store things inequipment - items used to complete tasksfurniture - a word referring to all the places to sit, work, store things, etc.highlighter - a bright pen with a thick tip which is usually green or bright yellowlaptop - a computer you can carry with youpaperclip - a metal clip that holds pieces of paper togetherstapler - a piece of equipment used to staple papers together Multiple-Choice Comprehension Check Questions Choose the correct answer based on the reading.   1. What do I need to do in my office?   A) relax B) concentrate C) study D) read magazines 2. Which piece of equipment do I NOT have on my desk?   A) fax B) computer C) lamp D) photocopier 3. Where are the pictures of my family located?   A) on the wall B) next to the lamp C) between the computer and the telephone D) near the fax 4. I use the lamp to read:   A) all day B) never C) in the morning D) in the evening 5. Where do I keep the paperclips?   A) on the desk B) next to the lamp C) in a cabinet drawer D) next to the telephone 6. What do I keep on the table in front of the sofa?   A) company reports B) fashion magazines C) books D) industry magazines True or False Decide if the statements are true or false based on the reading.   I work late every night.  I use highlighters to help me remember important information.  I keep reading materials that are not related to my job in the office.  I dont need a lamp to help me read.It is important to me to feel comfortable at work. Using Prepositions Fill each gap with a preposition used in the reading. I have the telephone _____ the fax machine on the right side of my desk.The monitor is directly _____ me.I sit _____ my comfortable office chair.I also have a lamp _____ my computer.I put the stapler, pens, and erasers ______ the drawer.I have a table _____ the sofa.  There are lots of magazines _____ the table. Answers Multiple-Choice B - concentrateD - photocopierC - between the computer and the telephoneD - in the eveningC - in a cabinet drawerD - industry magazines Answers True or False   FalseTrueFalseFalseTrue Answers Using Prepositions next toin front ofonnearinin front ofon Continue reading with these appropriate reading comprehension selections.

Decision Making at Cat Cooperation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decision Making at Cat Cooperation - Article Example The major problem was choosing the best supplier for one of critical subassemblies for manufacturing of its leading product TVR500 voltage stabilizer from the four short listed four vendors: Ideal; Dolphin; Boss; and Freedom. Good vendor was critical as lead time in manufacturing had increasingly become crucial criteria for competitive advantage. The company considered efficiency, power factor, losses, turn ratio and cost as main factors for choosing vendors. The decision on final vendor had become difficult as consensus from people coming from different departments like purchase, finance, manufacturing and quality could not be reached. The three qualitative factors: efficiency, power factor and losses were subjective in nature where turn ratio and cost could easily be evaluated because of their quantitative nature. The pair wise comparison of the product showed that Ideal was better in terms of efficiency and power factor with slightly more cost. But as efficiency and power factor significantly contribute to the credibility of the product, Ideal should be chosen as

Critique the relevance and validity of applying the capital asset Essay

Critique the relevance and validity of applying the capital asset pricing model in the context of investment choices - Essay Example Undeniably, the CAPM model rules out active investment and management research, and therefore abolishes many applications merely by using a pen, by virtue of the idealistic assumptions made by it (Perold, 2004). Some common applications often depend on the correctness of the modest CAPM, or rather the extensions in defining equilibrium returns. In fact, an imprecise understanding of the market portfolio may not be a vital factor in this. The approximated investment portfolio maintain an essential role in the reconstructed submission that arise from realization of the falsehood of CAPM. In this sense therefore, the application of this model to investment choices can have meaning only on condition that CAPM is false. The conclusion can be that the investment portfolio seems to play a natural role, making possible specifications errors to be unimportant (Shanken,

The Insight About Hamlets Elusive and Mysterious Character Essay Example for Free

The Insight About Hamlets Elusive and Mysterious Character Essay Hamlet’s famous and memorable soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be,† provides us with insight on the different emotions Shakespeare places into Hamlet’s character. This soliloquy is spoken by Prince Hamlet in Act III, scene I, lines 62-96. It is arguably one of the most famous speeches in English literature and reflects many important themes of the play, Hamlet. Through this soliloquy, we discover several aspects of Hamlet’s mysterious and elusive character. The three main themes that show us more into Hamlet’s character are his question of whether he should commit suicide, his uncertainty of the afterlife, and his logical â€Å"in the moment† decision making. Will suicide be the correct path to take? The first and most legendary line of this soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III. i. 62), Hamlet discusses possible suicide. He is faced with the question of whether he should commit suicide in the cruel world he lives in. He wonders if it is better to suffer through all the brutalities of the world around him, â€Å"Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer† (III. . 63) or end them by simply killing himself. Hamlet has the right to contemplate this question. He has been betrayed by many he loves and sees no point in living or being around disloyalty anymore, however, he knows he must stay alive to avenge his father’s death. This gives us a better look at Hamlet’s elusive character because we see how faithful he is, especially towards his father. He has many thoughts of taking his own life but knows he must be strong and retaliate for the death of his father. The uncertainty of an afterlife In the soliloquy, Hamlet initially believes that suicide will stop his suffering but rethinks the idea and realizes he is uncertain of what might happen to him after he takes his life. Hamlet knows the easiest thing for him to do at this point is commit suicide but contemplates the idea because he wonders what might come of him in the afterlife, â€Å"the dread of something after death†¦the undiscovered country† (III. i. 84-85). He explains a list of his miseries and elaborates on the idea that â€Å"the dread of something after death† (III. i. 84) makes one live with their suffering rather go onto a more miserable afterlife. Hamlet’s elusive character is scared of death but also the living fear of the ultimate unknown. Although Hamlet is uncertain of what may occur after life he is part of the Protestant church which believed at the time that there was indeed a heaven and hell. Hamlet realizes the idea of the dreadful after life means he cannot end his own life, which shows how strong his character is to be able to live with his agonies. Logical Thinker Hamlet’s elusive character is unwrapped even further as we see his ability to think logically at times of distress. Hamlet wishes to commit suicide however questions the consequences, â€Å"to be or not to be-that is the question† (III. i. 62). When the thought of suicide first appears in Hamlet’s mind, he does not immediately follow his wishes and kill himself. He contemplates this thought and rethinks the idea immensely. Hamlet’s melancholy character, which works frantically to find a solution to his pain clashes with his logical intellect. Ultimately, Hamlet makes the right decision by not committing suicide. Throughout this soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be,† Hamlet questions his life on earth. He is not sure if he wants to live any longer and has many thoughts of ending his life. He wishes to be loyal to his father and avenge the death of him. He is also unsure of what evil things could become of him in the afterlife due to his religious beliefs. Hamlet is very logical in his decisions. In the moment, he wishes to no longer live but his elusive intellectual brain tells him he must not end his life. After much contemplation, Hamlet decides not to kill himself. This reveals the logical and intelligent quality of Hamlet’s mind.

Contracts :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Contracts Lump Sum Contract A defined lump sum plan expresses employees' pension benefits as a lump sum amount, which makes it easy for them to understand and appreciate the benefits. In many cases, the plans also allow employees to accrue larger benefits at younger ages than they would under a traditional pension plan. And, increasingly, defined lump sum plans provide "portable" benefits that employees can take with them if they leave the company before retirement age. Cost plus percentage contract: Cost-plus construction contracts are often used for projects in which an owner or developer wishes to retain flexibility in selecting construction materials or modifying the design during construction. Unless specifically described in the contract, the contractor and the owner/developer may have a different perception of what types of costs are reimbursable to the contractor. The cost-plus contract should include a section defining all of the types of costs that are reimbursable by the owner/developer, and most standard form contracts include such provisions. Cost plus fixed fee contract: A cost-plus-fixed-fee contract is a cost-reimbursement contract that provides for payment to the contractor of a negotiated fee that is fixed at the inception of the contract. The fixed fee does not vary with actual cost, but may be adjusted as a result of changes in the work to be performed under the contract. This contract type permits contracting for efforts that might otherwise present too great a risk to contractors, but it provides the contractor only a minimum incentive to control costs. Design and build contract, also known as "package deal" and 'turnkey" contracts Turnkey drilling services offer a viable method for operators to better man age drilling risks and reduce costs. In the future, they may be able to utilize drilling management contractor services for complete field development programs. The offshore turnkey drilling industry remained a high-margin, low-volume business until about 1993 when turnkey drillers began to realize bidding prices were not competitive with most operators' internal cost estimates. Increasing market share could only be achieved by reducing margins to match the real competition, which is the operator's AFE (authority for expenditure). Since then, the number of offshore turnkey wells has increased almost every year. However, the future of the offshore drilling management services industry involves moving beyond merely providing a well or a completion for a fixed price.

Football and Sociology

American football as we know it originated from rugby played in Britain in the mid-19th century. The person who Americans consider the â€Å"Father of American Football† is Walter Camp. Professional football can be traced back to 1982, when there was a $500 contract for the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club to play a game against each other. Originally football was primarily a sport of the Midwestern industrial towns in the United State. In 1902, the American Professional Football Association was formed and two years later the National Football League. The competition was fierce between the two leagues, which led the two leagues to merge. Football eventually became national. When the two leagues merged is when the Super Bowl was formed. This is the most viewed event in the United States on a yearly basis. Football has grown for many years now and now has 32 teams. According to the Scarborough Research data, the NFL fans mirror the general United States population in many areas including age, race and income. There are a few discrepancies which include that men account for 49% of the general population, however the account for 58% of the NFL fans versus women who account for 51% of the general population but only account for $35-50K, in which they account for 19% of the fan base for the NFL. The report also states that there are more NFL fans that are married than non-married. The age group with the highest attendance whether on television or at the actual games is 35-44 years old. The Scarborough Report has a tremendous amount of statistics regarding NFL fans. The list goes from what they like to eat or drink to how many kids live in the household. I was very amazed by the information that was researched. In the society today, football affects almost every household. The impact of football has grown over the last few decades. The number of channels on the television in which sports can be watched has had a massive effect on the society. There are now channels just for specific sports and these channels only show that particular sport on that channel, all day. Football is a very physical sport. Youth like to see the physical part of the sport and they use the sports players as their role models. They all want to have muscles like the football players and be tough like the football players and of course they want to play football as well. The impact of football has both negative and positive factors. I found an article on the wives of the coaches of football. It was very interesting. In the article it states that in 1989, a group of women who were married to football coaches met at the American Football Coaches Association convention in Nashville, Tennessee (Tucker, 2001) and decided to form a support group. Evidently, they were feeling a little let out of the loop. For many men, football allows for violence and male bonding (Nelson, 1994), however, for women, football often means competing for men’s attention, or worrying about boyfriends, husbands or sons on the field. Within this article it also talks about how the spheres changed because men were known to leave the home and go outside to work and women stayed inside and were domesticated. Football is for men and it classifies them as performers and heroes, however women are classified as watchers and admirers. This article overall is showing the differences in men and women in regards to football. There were a lot of different opinions by different people who had heard about the organization of the American Football Coaches’ Wives Association. How this group puts together recipe books and visits the sick children in the hospital was a great asset to the group but they still don’t get the recognition that the football players get. This was a very tougher paper for me to write due to the fact that even though I like football, I have never looked at it in any other way than occasional entertainment. I am not a die-hard fan who watches the sport every chance that I get. Scarborough Research Examines NFL Fan Demos, QSR (2009, September) Preferences, http://www. sportsbusinessdaily. com/Daily/Issues/2009/09/Issue-12/The-Back-Of-The-Book/Scarborough-Research-Examines-NFL-Fan-Demos-QSR-Preferences. aspx Tucker, Diana, A Gender Drama in American Football Culture: The Case of the Coach’s Wife. , (2001) Football Studies, vol. 4 no. 2 http://www. la84foundation. org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2001/FS0402g. pdf Nelson, M. B. (1994). The stronger women get, the more men love football: Sexism and the American culture of sports. New York: Avon.

How Are the Articles of Confederation Provided an Effective Form of Government

Question Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following Foreign relations, economic conditions, western lands Warrant The Articles of Confederation were designed to offer Americans the protection of a government without the tyranny associated with George III. During the time period in which they were in use, their effectiveness was tested through events dealing with foreign relations, economic conditions and the settlement of western lands.Resolution Although the Articles experienced some success in dealing with western lands, the general effectiveness of the articles was poor and created potential problems for the young nation. Claim Under the Articles a system was established for the successful settlement of western lands. Data The Land Ordinance of 1787 divided the Northwest Territory into six square mile townships and set aside one section of each township for public education. The Northw est Ordinance established the method by which the Northwest Territory was to be divided into states.Under this ordinance, there was to be no slavery in these territories and the population would determine a new state’s time of entering the union. These land ordinances were extremely effective and Grounds were utilized even after the Articles had been destroyed. Claim But not all of the events under the Articles were this successful. Grounds Internal economic conditions as well as foreign affairs developed in such a way that American livelihood was affected. ata After the Revolutionary War Britain maintained a stronghold in North America by maintaining their trading posts in the Northwest Territory. This action was in direct opposition to the terms agreed upon in the Treaty of Paris and dampened British-American relations. Since Britain was a major world power and America was only a fledgling nation, this posed a serious threat to the U. S. The British not only maintained thes e trading posts but encouraged Indian raids on American settlers and freely navigated the Great Lakes.Grounds This continuing British presence in the U. S. was a threat to American independence. Since Congress could not raise an army, it was difficult for the US to fight back. Data Within the states, inflation and individual debt because of hard money policies created unrest with the populace. Many farmers, like Daniel Shay, had sunk into debt because of unstable currencies of the states and resisted paying taxes to the states. Shay’s rebellion was a warning to the founding fathers of the ineptitude of the Articles of Confederation.There was no national army and an army of farmers from the surrounding area had to be raised to put down the revolt. Grounds This was the final event which brought the need for a new form of government to the attention of the American people. Analysis Thus, although the Articles brought about some success as America’s first form of governmen t, their ultimate achievements were minimal and proved that they could not offer the stability and protection demanded of a valid government.

Medias Influence on Society essays

Medias Influence on Society essays Human curiosity is the essence of our lives; we live to understand and explore others troubles or triumphs, their faults or follies. However, since the beginning of time, our views have been slanted by whoever tells these stories. We are led to believe that what they say is the truth, when it could be simply their view or version of the story, without fully understanding what they were preaching themselves. In todays society, our views of our weight, beauty and sexuality are simply the extended beliefs of third party sources, such as magazines, newspapers, radio and/or the television. We are fed their beliefs, disguised as simple telecasts. Television is no longer what it once was. Showing a great singers hips, as he graced the stage of the Ed Sullivan Show, was once believed to be blasphemous and too much for society to handle. Today it is the complete opposite, however, producers jump at the chance to expose a womans breast or a mans butt, or even go as far as providing the audio of a man and woman involved in sexual activities. These acts are but a part of ABC, CBS, Fox and especially MTV, with their reality show hit, the Real World or any one of their other music countdown shows. But lest we forget who the principal audience is for these shows; young teenagers are watching these shows, where women dress in reveling clothing and grind up against a willing man. They are led to believe that this is how one should act to be accepted or feel older. They do not realize, however, that these stunts are simply that, stunts to produce a larger audience, for the pure financial gain of the company. This common access to sex on the airwaves has greatly affected teenagers in the recent years, despite education on abstinence in schools. Aside from the more provocative dancing, which teens have been accustomed to lately, sexual activities have become more rampant at parties and childrens homes. Teens are ...

The ABCs of School Visits with an Independent Bookstore

The ABCs of School Visits with an Independent Bookstore If you write for children or young adults, you probably already know that school visits can be an excellent way to supplement your income, get to know your audience, and introduce new readers to your books. But did you know that organizing school visits in partnership with your local independent bookstore can make the experience even easier and more productive? Here are four reasons to consider partnering with your local indie. 1. Especially if youve moved recently or are newly published, you might not have personal connections with the schools and educators in your community. Local bookstores often have existing partnerships with schools, and you can benefit from those connections when you work with a bookstore on organizing your visit. Bookstores can introduce you to teachers, librarians, and parent leaders, and theyre likely to know which schools or even classes might be the best fit for you and your books. This is particularly helpful if you live in an urban area with a lot of different schools near 2. If youre visiting a school, youll want to give students and teachers a way to buy your books, but the purchasing process can be complicated. When youre working in partnership with a bookstore, the store will likely handle a lot of the legwork for you, including coordinating order forms, getting books from the publisher and transporting them to the school, and processing payment. In many cases they will also promote your books to the school and do their best to make sure sales are high. Different stores have different policies, but most will be able to make the sales process much easier for you. This applies even if your books are self-published; many stores are still willing to coordinate sales of self-published books in exchange for a share of the revenue. 3. Schools are chaotic places with a lot of moving parts, and sometimes handling logistics can be as challenging as presenting to students. Many bookstores will send a representative to the school on the day of your visit to help out with all the little details, from troubleshooting tech to assisting you with signing and personalizing books. This leaves you free to focus on your biggest fans- the kids! 4. Partnering with a bookstore on school visits is also a great way to build a relationship with the store itself, which might lead to in-store events in the future. As an added bonus, some school events will include more than one childrens author, which means you might get to know some wonderful new colleagues in the process. Lots of independent bookstores around the country have school visit programs, and even those that dont might be glad to develop one in partnership with you. If youre interested in visiting schools through a bookstore, its always a good idea to send the store an introduction about you, your books, and what your presentation can offer a school. Know that some stores have limited resources and might not be able to work with you right away, but chances are theyll still be happy to keep your contact info on hand. To find a store near you, check out indiebound.org. Author

Final Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Final Business Plan - Essay Example Currently, the retail and fashion industry tends to be biased towards dressings as opposed to home products. However, a close analysis of fashion trends and customer preferences from a research conducted by our research team has revealed a great need for home textile products that are environmentally friendly, affordable, and trendy. With this view in mind, we intend to tailor our products to meet these specific needs. In particular we will provide products made from high quality organic materials with great focus on colours, styles and fits. Our products will include xxxx. These will be made from organic materials such as cotton, silk and wool. Our products will be made or processed In India and exported for sale to Hollywood, Los Angeles. Our core business activity is the design, branding and selling of organic textiles. Our secondary business activities include research and development of organic farming techniques and inputting this information back to the organic cotton suppliers. New World Textiles aims to develop relationships of mutual benefits with its suppliers using a fair trading platform. With a low supply of organic cotton strained by the rapidly growing demand, It is beneficial for New world textiles to play an influential role in the supply chain of organic textiles through the engagement of CSR activities. New World Textiles is a start-up retail business that will sell fashionable home textiles to residents and visitors in Hollywood, Los Angeles. New World Textiles will be located along xxx, a place popular with tourists and visitors of all kinds and from different countries. In particular we will provide products made from high quality organic materials with great focus on colours, styles and fits. Our products will include xxxx. These will be made from organic materials such as cotton, silk and wool. New World Textiles is a multi-member Limited Liability

Minority Leadership in the military Research Paper

Minority Leadership in the military - Research Paper Example Minorities are often subjected to stereotypes and they are usually not expected to acquire higher positions. They are always looked upon with suspicious eyes and their ability is almost always questioned. In the same way females are also looked down upon in professions like military. In this paper we will look into the minority representation in army and whether it represents the minority representation in the society at large. The educational and financial background of minorities will also be considered and their impact on leadership style will be analyzed. The main question we would like to answer here is whether race or gender has an impact on leadership or management decisions in military or not. It is important to understand the dynamics of minorities in a society in order to better understand how minorities feel and how the society feels about them. Minorities in a society are characterized by cohesion and close relationships. This is because they feel threatened by other majority groups in the society. Minority groups also try to differentiate themselves from ‘others’ and this is done to protect their identity. There are united because they have no place to go and they feel compelled to remain a part of their social group. Society in general feels negatively about minorities which in turn increases the cohesion in minorities. Military profession is seen as a patriotic profession and the job is to defend the country. This is why tensions between majority and minority groups is common in military. Majority group is always suspicious of the patriotism of the minority groups and therefore their representation is always low in military. An example would be in the United States of America when African Americans were not allowed to serve in the army before the Civil War. It was only when it was inevitable that they were allowed to serve in the military. Majority group in most cases feels suspicious of the minority group because they believe minorities

Healing Hospital and Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healing Hospital and Spirituality - Essay Example Today, most hospitals promote medical healing and spiritual nourishment in the treatment of patients. The primary concern of this paper is to outline the relationship between components of a healing hospital and spirituality. The paper will also major on the biblical aspects supporting a healing hospital and the challenges faced in creating a healing environment. Setting up a healing hospital goes beyond the physical structure of the institution. Remarkably, modern healing facilities focus on key components relating to spirituality in the process of providing quality healthcare. A healing physical health care setting focuses on constructing an environment that helps patients and kins cope with the pressures of sickness. That is attainable by ensuring the patients’ connection to nature through customization of physical and built structural features (Huisman et al., 2012). A healing physical environment is quiet to allow patients to have sound and uninterrupted sleep, for instance. The body performs most healing when the patients are asleep. Because of that, the component ensures that noise is reduced to the lowest levels by fitting silencers (Seifert & Hickman, 2005). Facilities such as cleaning machines should not generate noise to the surrounding environment. Quiet environments allow patients to engage in spiritual practices like med itation and prayer. These practices foster social support to the patient reduce anxiety, depression and encourage relaxation that is essential for the patient’s recovery. Integration of a work design and technology is a key component of a healing health institution. A majority of modern health centers have single rooms that give patients privacy when in prayer sessions. Technological advanced equipment such as sky-light system provide in-room entertainment allowing patients tune to spiritual songs and watch healing programs that are significant for their recovery. A number of hospitals

Analysis Of Claude Steeles Whistling Vivaldi

Analysis Of Claude Steeles Whistling Vivaldi This semester has proven to be a very useful for the development of both my reading and writings skills. For me, as for a person who merely five months ago came from a country where English language is known by a few, this experience was vital in a way that it opened up the secrets of effective reading, writing and analyzing in English language. Before taking the College Writing course I had a hard time understanding the proper writing process, which seemed very vague to me, but as I began taking my first steps in trying to understand it I have realized that it was only fear that took over me. Although many would think that the final result is only what matters, for me the process was more engaging. The course has offered a wide range of reading and writing techniques and styles, thus taught me to transfer my ideas to paper clearly and effectively. However, applying theory in practice would have been much harder if there were not the preparatory writing assignments that we had throug hout semester. The essays and papers we wrote throughout semester helped me to trace my progress in writing process. They helped me comfortably and very efficiently write papers based on academic journals and articles. In the beginning of the semester, one of my weaknesses was the organization of sentences and paragraphs. The process of writing an essay has changed over the semester. At first I would start writing essay by putting all of my ideas onto paper thus making an inappropriate organization. But having realized the importance of making a thesis statement I have less trouble organizing main points of each paragraph. Even though it is hard to develop a solid and clear thesis, I understand its significance as it states the argument that reader will be reading. The first major assignment that we did this semester was the paper on Robert Sapolskys Ego Boundaries, or the Fit of My Fathers Shirt. This assignment was unique in its nature, as it demanded us to deeply analyze each and every part of the text: summarize it, reflect upon the ideas of the text by explaining them, and finally exploring our own experiences with those ideas. Clearly, the assignments goal was to teach us the proper way to understand texts, and integrate ideas that are present in texts with our own lives. I have to admit that in the beginning I had no idea how to complete the assignment, but with the clear directions that were provided, I managed to do it. It was very surprising when I realized that the writing process for this paper was very mechanical and precise. Before this paper, I always thought that writing such complicated papers required a lot of imagination, which I thought I did not have. However, now I understand that all that I needed to do is to read the tex t thoroughly, brainstorm for ideas, and to formulate the final version of the paper based on my ideas and on drafts that I previously wrote. I felt a huge satisfaction and relief after completion of the assignment, because I have learnt a huge lesson for myself from this assignment and I was ready for this type of tasks in the future. However, as confident as I felt after completing the Sapolsky paper, I had never imagined that there were different approaches to writing these kinds of essays. One of the major tasks was to write an essay based on a very complicated book by Ervin Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. This book was intended for large audiences with no particular knowledge about the study of psychology. Nevertheless, the text was very difficult to analyze as it contained many complicated words, intricate sentence structure, and allusions to other works on similar topics. . I felt overwhelmed by reading long and complicated literature because I thought I needed to remember every single detail that I read. However I learned to highlight the main ideas as I read so that I could go back and find details if I needed to recall on them for my essay. Due to this technique, I improved my analytical skill tremendously and was able to extract the main ideas throughout the text, and combine them to w rite a decent essay. The primary difficulties I faced doing this task were the abundance of scientific terms and the overall difficulty of the text. In order to understand the text, I had to read it carefully, part by part, so that I could get the connection between the ideas in the text. By taking notes every time I encountered something interesting and provoking, I managed to construct the outline for the essay. Then, writing the essay itself became much easier since I had all the ideas on my notes. The only thing I had to do to finish the assignment was to assemble the notes and combine them in meaningful sentences and in correct order to provide the essay with a proper flow and preciseness. The course has offered a wide range of reading and writing techniques and styles, thus helping me formulate the notion of clear, rich, and focused writing. The essays and papers we wrote this semester helped me formulate my own writing process, with help of which I can comfortably and very efficiently write papers based on academic readings that the university classes offer. As far as I am concerned, I have become a much more attentive reader and a much better writer since I took this class. I have to admit that I was rather skeptical about what the class had to offer me, but now I understand how important it was for me to be a part of this class and had such a valuable experience. With the knowledge that I have acquired during this semester, I am very eager to start working on papers and essays regarding my own field of specialization. Understanding other peoples stories In his article Understanding Other People Stories Roger Schank discusses the challenges people encounter when trying to understand each other. According to Schank, people frequently do not understand what others tell them. It is easier to remember a notion or a belief if it is told in a form of a story. He presents a theory that all the information, experience and events we understand are incorporated in a story that that we remember and share with others. Schank states that understanding means to respond to the speakers stories with stories of listeners own memory. People learn from stories if they can relate it to something that they previously knew. Moreover, we truly understand a new story only if it made us reexamine our previous stories. Throughout the text author talks about different things that are important to know about understanding other peoples stories. There is an interesting point that the author describes is a selective listening. People hear only some parts of the stories they are told and tend to listen to the ones that interest them. The reason for that is that we care about topics that we can understand and relate to. We cannot think of about all the possible ramifications of something we are being told. So we pay attention to what interests us (Schank, 374). He presents a notion about index, which is a kind of symbol that helps people classify all the stories they have in the memory. Schank describes it as [a]n index is a juxtaposition of another persons beliefs, made evident by statements or actions, with ones own beliefs (Schank, 380). We use them to label some stories of beliefs that we had before in our system of values. Furthermore, the author describes the topic about the way people understand stories as that they do it by reflecting their own stories onto the speakers stories. Understanding process of other peoples stories involves identifying ourselves to our own memories. We can use our own stories to confirm the beliefs of others that were imposed on a particular object. An example of this is my recent conversation with my parents. Last time using Skype, we were talking about my new life at Berkeley. I told them my story of getting used to my new environment that involved the difficulties and obstacles that I struggled with during the first month. There were a lot of challenges; I told them that it is really hard to study abroad, and particularly at such a place as Berkeley. I have troubles with a lot of things ranging from studying unfamiliar subjects to living in the dorm. Interestingly, their response was recalling their own time when they were students in college as I am now. And what they told me is that everybody goes through this process that I am neither the first one nor the last one. The academic year will pass quickly before I even notice it. I just need to be patient and do my best to succeed in college. I found their answer interesting, since I could see the relation of it to the idea that people understand stories by reflecting their own stories. My parents reflected my story to their own experience when they were in college. They saw my story as a story about them as a Subject 5 from the text did. They found an index of studying at college is difficult time and that everyone goes through this process. As a result they just confirmed their previously held beliefs about hard time at university. This is an example of the process when people understand a story by recalling their own memories. Another interesting idea that the author highlights in the article is that people often misunderstand other peoples stories by relating their own experience to the new story. When the listener hears a new story he finds an old story from his memory, which he can use to relate it to. However, the idea is that we usually find only one principle to relate a story, because it is enough for us. That is why each person understands stories in a different way. A good example of that could be how I personally got confused when I was reading Robert Sapolskys Ego boundaries or the Fit of my Father Shirt. At first, I misunderstood the nitroglycerin bottle as the bottle containing the ashes of the authors father. This happened because of the word frailty, which I thought to be remains of his father, but having discussed this article in the class I realized that this was just a medicine that his father used to take. This misunderstanding happened because of my previous experiences with the word fr ailty. I related the context of the text as a story about people who hold ashes of their ancestors in a vase, since it is important and sacred remains of their loved ones. Because I initially knew a story about such people I just related it to the new story that I have read. My index was that people remember and honor deceased relatives in way of storing their ashes. I had a belief that people often keep the ashes of their ancestors after the death, so that they have some part of the deceased person to relate to him. Thus recalling a previously known story to understand a new one led me to misunderstanding the core context. This example proves the idea that people often misunderstand stories by reflecting their own meanings on it. To learn from the story you need to enhance the old story with details that you matched with a new one. Because people tend to understand other peoples stories mainly through reflecting the stories they previously knew, the question then arises: How do people get beyond this circle of understanding and learning new things? Schank answers this with a contradictory approach. He argues that it happens due to irregularity in understanding stories. By not fully understanding the story they learn something new easily since that piece of information gets stuck in their memories for a while when they identify the mistake afterwards., as he points this out, [w]e really only learn when the stories we hear relate to beliefs that we feel rather unsure of, ones that we are flirting with at the moment, so to speak. When we are wondering, consciously or unconsciously, about the truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, then the evidence provided by others can be of some use (Schank, 388). Schank believes that people c an learn something new only when they ask questions and analyze their views. For example, in the Sapolskys article Ego boundaries or the Fit of my Father Shirt, the author describes the relationship with his father, and the way he thought about his father as a mentally ill person. He tries to use his previously known stories such as scientific knowledge of the disorders to explain the illness of his father. His index is that science can explain everything. He uses his understanding of mental disorder to examine the behavior of his father. As a result, Sapolsky considers his father as a scientific case not as a father. Using his scientific knowledge he tries to explain that his father had split brain disorder that led to vanishing of his ego boundaries. However, through the process, he realizes that he is not able to justify his previously believed thoughts about his father as a mentally ill patient, because the science could not answer all of the questions the author had. In the end he understands that the problem was not in the diagnosis, but in the attitude towards the problems he had with his father. Thus, he teaches himself a new story: by reexamining his previously held beliefs about an index that scientific approach can explain everything in the life. In the conclusion we can see that the process of understanding other peoples stories is complicated. Understanding involves such process as indexing, finding old stories to relate, and reflecting them to the new ones. We usually do it by relating our own stories to the new stories that we hear, but finding similar elements in our own story and the story being told is different to all people. Therefore, we learn from new stories if we rethink our previously held beliefs. The Role of Thefts in Theft The main topic in Joyce Carol Oatess Theft are the different kinds of thefts. Theft in the story appears to take both physical and intangible forms such as stealing pens, wallets, personalities, authority and reputation. Theft is a zero-sum game with no win-win outcome. That is a fundamental idea which lies throughout Oates story. Peoples vulnerabilities, bad habits and motivations of hatred are resembled through these thefts. The author presents several facts of theft to allow a reader to analyze motives of a thief, his/her psychology and consequences of such their acts. The main character, a college sophomore, Marya Knauer has a complex and ambiguous attitude towards theft. She perceives it as a weakness, which prevails over her sense of moral duty and voice of reason, but also as a tool that she believes can empower her. Her first stealing experience began with silly little shoplifting expeditions which insensibly rose into a sequence of spontaneous, rash and pointless thefts (143). Admittedly, stealing gave her a feeling of elation and triumph when she appropriated someones genuinely valuable possessions. It can be inferred that Marya clearly understood that her habit to steal was disgusting but she could not resist any opportunity to do so. It seems she sought excitement and a dose of adrenaline by getting involved in risky and morally unacceptable affairs. Moreover, Marya considered theft as an act of liberating herself when her personal life was constrained and dictated by others will, when she had had to submit to the routine schedule of Wilmas household and she was living her life as it were nothing more than an extension of theirs (142). Stealing made her feel free because she could transgress the bounds of decency, disregard rules, and neglect prohibitions without being caught and taken into accountability. She could hardly fight her impulse even though her euphoria lasted fraction of a second. For Marya stealing was a way of seeking revenge from people who tried to take advantage from her. She stole a pen from a professor who did not give her a good grade, because he lost some of her work during grading. Having put much effort in studying, she took everything too seriously what resulted in professor calling her rather grim as she was always thinking only about academics. The reaction to such rude remark was her lying about her mo ther serious illness and stealing the professors pen. Marya felt her pulses were beating hot, in triumphed for a way of defeating the professor for the words he said and for the grades he gave (158). Moreover, she did not feel guilty or ashamed because she believed that professor deserved this. She started using this pen signing her name repeatedly, hypnotically: Marya, Marya, Marya Knauer, Marya Marya Marya Knauer, a name that eventually seemed to have been signed by someone else, a stranger (159). She saw this act of stealing as triumph over the professor, who tried to hurt Maryas identity. Interestingly, theft takes on a more sophisticated form when it comes to reading. The reading she did acquired an aura, a value, a mysterious sort of enchantment (142). It was perceived as a forbidden fruit, something illicit, precious beyond estimation (142). Indeed, she could be completely immersed in reading, slipping out of her consciousness and into that of the writers (142). She found herself entirely absorbed into writers ideas and mentality as if her mind was led by an invisible hand, and that experience was electrifying and hypnotizing. It prompted her to conceive life as an ephemeral and to regard everything as superficial and trivial. Mere life was the husk, the actors performance, negligible in the long run (142). Reading as a process was equally elating and exciting as stealing but not criminal and risky. Maryas personality was splitting and she started losing authenticity while making her way through writers imagination, greedily reading every word as it was her own, tr eating every emotion, idea expressed and the plot itself as her own creation. Maryas addiction to reading can be expressed by absence of any intrigue in her personal life, which Oates describes as isolated, ascetic, and monotonous (143). Reading is treated as a one-sided relationship which she benefits from without giving anything back. When the book Marya read seemed to take life through her, she could get her emotions, which are usually experienced and nurtured through building relations with other people. The first theft that is depicted in the story happens with Marya, when her wallet with a month salary from part time job at university library and her favorite pen were stolen from her room in Maynard House. These incidents made Marya become anxious and angry, feeling unprotected before the real world. It ruined her previous impressions of the university life and made her very cautious and even distrustful for other students. Marya decided to isolate from the world by staying in her room all the time and reading every book she could find. (142). As a consequence she became a complete robot, having a derelict life, because she could not trust anyone in her dormitory anymore. Marys isolated living and unsocial behavior reflects her attitude towards friendship. She asserts that friendship is a waste of time on something ephemeral and not worthwhile (154). Marya is completely obsessed with studying; her energy is devoted to maintaining high grades. However, relationship with Imogene alters her perception of the friendship. It evolves from a friendly acquaintance to admiration, mutual benefit, envy, competition, ignorance and culminates in break up. Imogene is presented as a chameleon playing various roles in public, quickly adapting her behavior to changing circumstances, and changing her mood and attitudes frequently. Her inquisitive character and easygoing informality are seen by Marya as intrusion into her privacy, her secret isolation. Marya and Imogene become interdependent but they are not interested in the actual friendship. Maryas life changed drastically when she met Imogene Skillman. The first time when Imogene appeared in the dorm room, Marya was depressed and reduced the protection level from the world. Marya recognized from the first look that Imogene was somewhat unique person, not resembling other student on the campus. But Marya could not fully understand what Imogenes real personality was. After spending more time with Imogene, Marya still did not acknowledge that they are becoming friends. She always questioned herself if she appreciated Imogenes friendship and even accepted that she liked Prhyllis more (153). This girl majored in mathematics and lived next-door, and according to Maryas system of values of true friendship Philly was a best match as an appropriate company. In spite of Phyllis being more likeable friend, Marya could not stop thinking that she is more inclined towards Imogene. Marya is flattered by Imogenes attention; she accompanies her to coffee shop, meets with her friends trying to impress them. Marya cautiously succumbs to Imogenes admiration and tolerates flattery since she fears becoming dependent on her friendship, for dependency is equivalent to limited freedom. Her protest against Imogenes influence and domination is expressed in the intense concentration on her academic performance. She threw herself into work with more passion than before, eager to face challenges and vindicate that her intellectual achievements demonstrate her wealth, thus soft power (154). The difficulties in friendship that Marya and Imogene had with each other originate from different backgrounds they had before. First, Marya came from a poor family, where she had to obey restrictions and authority. On the contrary, Imogene being from a rich family had a nonchalant life with lots of freedom and opulence. The thefts that are illustrated in the story had a great influence on the development of the relationship between main characters. Thus, thefts caused Marya and Imogene to realize what true friendship is. However, Marya and Imogene have never become best friends, because Imogene, in contrast, had plans of her own about Marya. Imogene stole Maryas time by spending time in the coffee shops with her friends, stole characteristics of Maryas personality like mimicking in order to perform on stage, and rumored bad things about Maryas reputation. But when Marya realized that Imogene was using her for own purposes, she immediately felt deceived and angry. However, even though Marya understood Imogenes true intentions, she could not stop having relationships with Imogene. Marya discovered Imogenes true nature at the dinner in a sorority house where Marya was invited as a guest. When she heard that Imogene made Matthew write a paper on Chekhov for herself, Marya began suspecting the true Imogenes intentions and desires (163). Her suspicion grew up more when Marya knew about Imogenes cheating on her fiancà © with a stranger. Imogene did it on purpose to make Marya and Matthew jealous of her. After all these underprivileged activities of Imogene, Marya begins to realize that she has become Imogenes possession, a trophy displayed to her alleged admirers, just a decoration in her one-actor performance. Marya rethinks her concept of friendship writing that it is play-acting of an amateur type and a puzzle that demands too much of imagination (154). Maryas protest against Imogenes influence and domination is expressed in the stealing the earrings of Imogene the Aztec ones, the barbarian-princess ones (175). The author wittingly emphasizes the earrings design to show that they symbolize Imogenes social status, popularity and dominance on the campus. Stealing in this case epitomizes betrayal and presumably attempt to appropriate Imogenes privileges. Unlike Maryas previous inconsequential thefts this case has a major impact on both characters. She did it on purpose to get everyones attention to her, to show that Marya was stronger than all the disloyalties and intrigues against her. She even pierced her ears, risking infection and sickness, and showed everyone that she is truly a nut that cant be cracked (174). Marya felt triumphant, she did not fear being caught up and punished. In contrast, Marya had worn earrings everywhere, for everyone to see, to comment, and to admire and she had been amused at Imogenes shocked expression (17 6). That theft left no winner. Imogene and Maryas friendship was completely ruined. Both students driven by envy and competition have been contributing to gradual erosion of their relationship by covertly and sometimes explicitly stealing each others intangible possessions. Various thefts depicted in the story tell readers about the many different circumstances that Marya and Imogenes friendship had to go through. Marya Knauer is a vivid instance of a strong willed personality. Despite all of the hostile and embarrassing obstacles and actions towards her, she managed to overcome and keep the perfect record, so that to save her status and character unbroken. The effects of stereotype threats Whistling Vivaldi by Claude M. Steele is a thorough analysis of a concept known as identity contingency. According to Steele, contingencies are circumstances you have to deal with because of a given social identity. Identity contingencies from the authors perspective represent constraints, both formal and implicit, tied to social, ethnic, religious, gender or any other recognized identity (3). Identity contingencies negatively affect individuals since they deprive those prone to being stereotyped or discriminated of equal opportunities, and abilities. Steeles research interest in identity contingencies and the roles they play in peoples lives stems from his personal experience of segregation. He reflects on his childhood when he was a victim of racial order in the 1950s, which placed a number of restrictions tied to the identity, from housing and school segregation to employment discrimination (3). Those conditions made individuals feel their racial identities and deal with their neg ative implications in everyday life. Steele focuses his research on educational issues tied to identity contingencies and their influence on academic performance among minority college students. The author argues that identity contingencies and specifically stereotype threats negatively impact the intellectual abilities of students; moreover he encourages exploring and implementing solutions to alleviate the stress and underperformance in academic setting in order to help students succeed at university. The aim of the research is to prove the importance of identity contingencies and of understanding identity threat to personal and societal progress (Steele, p.15). Steele comes up with several general patterns of findings. The first is the role identity contingency have in shaping individual lives. The second suggests that their negative impact contributes to the most important social problems in society, thus undermining social integrity. Third is a general process by which stereotype threats interfere with a broad range of human functioning. Finally, they offer a set of solutions that can alleviate effects of the identity threats. At the forefront of Steeles analysis is a stereotype threat, a particular kind of identity contingency. He speculates that stereotype threat embodies a standard human predicament, powerful enough to constrain behavior simply by putting a threat in the air. It is a widespread phenomenon found in any given society and any potential identity group can become subjected to it. It can be applied to any situation to which stereotype is relevant. Thus, it follows members of the stereotyped group into these situations as a balloon over their heads (Steele, p. 5). The author asserts that it is hard to eradicate stereotype threats, though the pressure they impose on individuals can be eased. Stereotype threat is an intrinsic part of human interrelations, a tool used by individuals, driven by a basic instinct of competition. Unlike discrimination in its gross forms, stereotype threats are formed subconsciously to benefit privileges of one social group, competing for opportunity and decent life, at the expense of the other group. The correlation between identity contingency and intellectual performance, in particular academic, preoccupies Steele throughout his research. He sheds light on the issue of academic underperformance of students from underrepresented backgrounds. The problem he believes has repercussions at a nationwide level, even though people think they live in a racially fair and identity-fair society (212). He perceives it as a core American struggle, wherein institutions try to integrate themselves racially, ethnically, class-wise (Steele, p. 17). In his attempt to reveal what factors account for persistent academic struggles of minority students, Steele uses a concept known as observers actors perspective. The actors perspective emphasizes students characteristics, their intellectual luggage, aspirations, values, skills, and expectations. He accesses that the actors perspective can be essential in explaining underperformance since the observers perspective alone cannot provide the full pictur e of the problem. His research appeals to E. Jones and R. Nisbett concept of the difference between those two perspectives. They argued that the observers perspective is subject to bias because it stresses the things we can see, the actors traits and characteristics. But it deemphasizes these traits and characteristics which fall out of the observers literal and mental visual field, namely circumstances the actor responds to and the environment he has to adapt to. Steele believes that the actors perspective can offer a plausible explanation of the link between identity contingency and intellectual performance. The feedback he receives from minority students supports his view. Students noted the university environment, wherein their social status was subtly accentuated and social life which was organized by race, ethnicity, and social class. This organization led to a rather racially homogeneous teaching staff and faculty. As a result, their social networks were organized by race. They were also puzzle d by the fact that minority styles, interests and preferences were marginalized on campus (Steele, p. 19). Steele in his book presents several experiments conducted to demonstrate how stereotype threat indirectly affects behavior and interferes with physical or intellectual performance. Experiments he refers to, Michigan Athletic Aptitude Test and the one done at Princeton University, clearly show that the pressure stereotype threat is distracting enough to lead to individuals failure in particular task. The task in experiment measured the very trait and ability the group was stereotyped as lacking. Knowledge of the negative stereotypes relevance in the given situation made the assessed group fear that frustration on the task could be misinterpreted and seen as confirming the stereotype. Hence, any deviation in performance, whether mental or physical, or a false move could cause an individual to be reduced to the stereotype and treated accordingly. Steele admits that it is hard to prove that something abstract like stereotype threat can have a substantial effect on the individuals perform ance. Nonetheless, the research and experiments he undertakes supports his hypothesis of stereotype threats detrimental effect on individual performance. His research focus raises a number of thought-provoking questions about the ways stereotypes affect our intellectual functioning, stress reactions, and the tension that can exist between different groups. Moreover, he explores strategies that alleviate these effects in order to help solve societal problems (Steele, p. 13). Steele conducts an experiment to prove that academic achievement problem of minority students is not entirely due to skill and ability deficits. He contends that external factors and social and psychological aspects of academic experience can be powerful enough to directly or indirectly impair intellectual performance. Hence, the environment and status of a student can be an actual component of ability. Steele comes up with a stigmatization idea, an idea that a devalued social status can cause und